Symbolic interactionism free essay sample

The question was asked, how can understanding and using symbolic interactionism theory help in your everyday life? Why or why not? First we need to look further into the theory and see how it applies to life in general. The symbolic interaction approach states that society exists due to the everyday interactions of people and describes the family as a unit of interacting personalities. The theory focuses attention on the way that people interact through symbols: words, gestures, rules and roles. Individuals develop both a concept of self and their identities through social interaction. Symbolic interactionism is the way we learn to interpret and give meaning to the world through our interactions with others. According to this theory, humans are very different from animals. Humans when put into situations will look at and respond differently depending on the surroundings and actions of others, where animals voluntarily respond to the environment. Humans have the ability to change in every situation and to further change depending on the group of people they are interacting with. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolic interactionism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Humans think about others opinions of them and adjust their own conduct by comparing themselves with others. It is said through imagination, a person will be able to gain a deeper understanding of behavior and see how it is influenced by your surroundings. Humans act based on symbolic meanings. We have the ability to interact with the symbols, be it words, facial expressions and non verbal cues people exchange. I believe it has played a major role in many aspects of my life even before I had knowledge of the theory. I, being an only child for many years received the label responsible before I had even proved to be, let me explain further. The interactions I had were mainly with adults, so being a child I began to role play and adjust my behavior to different situations. I can see now that I began to be the way I thought adults wanted me to be, which was responsible. I spent most of my time with my mother so I began to copy her actions. I had a difficult time understanding the actions of children because I didn’t have to stay at a daycare and I didn’t interact with many children so they seemed odd and out of the norm to me, I can recall spending many hours alone in my room cleaning and organizing my things just as my mother would do in the rest of the house. Learning about this theory has made me realize that my actions as a child were due to the everyday interactions I had with my mother. I now see how her influence has affected me and how learning from her has made me the adult I am today. The theory states society expects a person to act a certain way in situations and thus this becomes what is expected or the norm and I now see how what was expected of me as a young child has become my norm and has followed me through my life so far. In a sense I was an adult when I was a child because of my surroundings and the influence of the people around me. I can recall as a youngster in elementary school I was the child the teacher would ask to watch the class while she stepped out and I would agree but as soon as she had left the room I would act like my group of peers, caving to their influence on me. In my later years I often wondered why I acted the way I did, but I now feel I have a better understanding due to this so called theory. Learning about this theory has made me understand my actions better. I can also remember times when my mother would just have to glance at me with a certain look and I would know what she was saying without saying a word so that brings me to the conclusion that all humans form their language be it verbal or non verbal from the people in their lives. In my opinion symbolic interactionism has an effect on all of us every day of our lives and influences how we act in situations throughout our lives. Having a better understanding of this theory has brought me to the conclusion that it has played a major role in my life. Works Cited: Introduction to Sociology: A Collaborative Approach, Third Edition.

The eNotes Blog Scholarship Spotlight May2016

Scholarship Spotlight May2016 Every month, we select some of the best scholarships around and post them here on our blog. When you are ready to apply, check out our tips on  How to Write a Scholarship Essay. Visit   Essay Lab  if you’re looking for a writing expert  to review and provide feedback on your scholarship or college application essays! Brower Youth Award Amount: $3,000 Eligibility:  Applicants are considered from all of North Americam including the United States, Mexico, and Canada, from 13 to 22 years of age, who are passionate about our world and the environement. Scholarship rules and terms can be found here Requirements:  To apply for the scholarship, he or she must  fill out an online application in addition to providing a photo of him or herself and including a letter of recommendation from someone familiar with his or her environmental work. Due Date:  May 16th, 2016 Learn more and apply LGMD Awareness Merit-Based and Social Media Scholarship Amount: $3,000 Eligibility:  There are two scholarships that can be applied for: Merit-Based: Applicants must be current/former high school or college students, between the ages of 17-30, and enrolled in some form of upper-level education. Learn more Social Media: Applicants must match the merit-based criteria, but must also complete an online form and submit a minimum of one fact about LGMD. Learn more Requirements: Merit-Based applicants will be ranked based on their academic achievements, extracurricular activities, and leadership experience. Those applying for the Social Media scholarship will take part in something of a contest to see who can raise the most awareness for LGMD in a predetermined period of time. Learn more   Due Date:  May 25, 2016 Learn more and apply Doggie DIY Amount: $1,000 Legitimately, this scholarship opportunity could not be any more fun Eligibility:  Everybody is eligible! If you are able to follow instructions and put together a rudimentary dog toy, you will automatically be entered for a chance to win $1,000 Requirements: Log onto DoSomething.org (or follow this link directly to the page in question) Create an account Follow the instructions provided for creating a fun and safe chew toy for some shelter pups in need Send in your toy Due Date:  May 27th, 2016 Learn more and apply VIP Voice Amount: $5,000 Eligibility:   VIP Voice knows that college is getting increasingly more difficult to pay for and so theyve created a simple scholarship program that applies to scholars of all fields of study. To apply, an applicant must Currently be  age 18 or older Be enrolled or accepted to an upper-level educational institution Requirements:   Create a membership on the VIP Voice website Fill out surveys the more surveys an applicant completes, the more VIP points earned, and the more points earned means more chances to win that $5,000 Due Date:  May 31st, 2016 Learn more and apply

Real world negotiation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Real world negotiation - Assignment Example At the same time, he walked towards the exit threatening to leave. Afraid to lose a sale, Chris called him back and requested him to be patient. Josh offered Chris R.200 for the shoes. However, after much bargaining, the two were approaching an agreement at R.300 for the black shoes. Josh changed his mind almost immediately, claiming that he liked the grey shoes more and would buy them if Chris offered him a free water-bottle. Chris sold him the grey pair of shoes along with the water-bottle for R.300. The â€Å"lowball/ highball† tactic is used to make the other party move towards the resistance point. The tactic is used majorly in business negotiations, where the purchasing party quotes an extremely low price to induce the seller to lower the opening offer. In the above situation, Josh’s asking price was R.200, which was much lower than the seller’s price of R.500. Eventually, the tactic paid off since Josh eventually convinced Chris to sell the shoes to him at R.300.Therefore, this situation fulfills the lowball/highball tactic of negotiation. In this case, an emotional ploy is used to force the other party into bending their will towards the intimidator’s likeness (Ghauri, Pervez and Usunier 90).When used in any negotiation, the intimidator will feign an emotion such as anger to make the other party do what they want out of fear/panic. In this situation, Josh dropped the shoes and threatened to leave the store. The act of anger intimidated Chris, forcing him to call Josh back for a better negotiation. The intimidation tactic worked perfectly for Josh. The â€Å"aggressive behaviour† tactic is used to force the other party to make concessions to reach an agreement (Ghauri, Pervez and Usunier 91). Josh uses this tactic when he notifies Chris that he does not want to waste time, and also when he asks him to explain the high price of R. 500. In this case, the tactic was not helpful as Chris does not bother explaining how he obtained his

Teenagers and Parasocial Relationships Research Paper

Teenagers and Parasocial Relationships - Research Paper Example According to the report findings,  parasocial relationships refer to one-sided relationships in which one party knows more about the other party. For example, relationships between the general population and famous people such as members of parliament, celebrities, and news anchors. In parasocial scenarios, strong bonds are formed although one party is completely unaware of the other party. For example in the case of media, viewers may have strong bonds with media personalities yet the media personalities do not really have a social relationship with the viewers. In such a scenario the viewer feels that the media personalities are directly addressing them. Knowledge of parasocial relationships has come in handy to explain relationships between media users and media personalities. In this essay, I will describe the theory/concept of parasocial relationships and then illustrate it with an example from a perspective of media influence on teenagers.   This essay highlights that  parasocial relationships are generally based on illusions and influence is expected to develop with time since they heavily rely on recurrence. Parasocial relationships are considered to be one-sided because they only have effects on one party. For example, parasocial relationships do not have an influence on media personalities but rather on viewers only. However, the concept of parasocial relationships does not only apply to media communication but also in other aspects of life. For example, long before the exploration of the subject by Horton and Wohl, there existed parasocial relationships such as those between people and the gods. Little was known about the gods yet they had a great influence on people’s lives and shaped the day to day activities.

Yum Brands China Business Strategy Research Paper

Yum Brands China Business Strategy - Research Paper Example Yum Brands Inc. entered the Chinese market in 1987, considering the fact that during this period, the Chinese economy had rapidly grown after its liberalization. The company was one of the early players in the Chinese restaurants’ business, which has enabled it to establish its operations in the Chinese market firmly. The company’s entry into China has provided Chinese consumers with a new and unique dining experience, where they get customized and clean ambiance service. The Yum Brand Inc. business strategies have focused on menus that include both western and local consumables, with focus being directed towards offering customer preferences in each province. Business Strategies The business strategy of Yum Brand Inc. in China encompasses providing a variety of consumables, customer preferences, franchise relationships, and employing locals to key positions of the company. The company focused on strategies of employing locals in its key positions alongside delivering s ervices according to customer preferences, which vary from one province to another. The company also has established franchise relationships and built its own logistics and distributions network. Moreover, the company has been keen on its business strategy of developing new markets through establishing widespread restaurant chains in China division to increase its market share. Apparently, mainland China is Yum Brands’ leading market according to worldwide restaurant development (Enz, 2010, p.945). Internationally, the company has built a vibrant global entity by focusing on key business strategies such as establishing leading brands all over the Chinese market, driving aggressive expansion of the international market, and building franchise value and long-term shareholders for industry needs. The Company has built a unique business culture that is filled with exciting opportunities and energy for both employees and customers. According to executives, the company believes in the people, encourages ideas from all and sundry, and trusts in positive intentions of its people. Through this, the company has been able to bring about diversity in style in its business operations and consumables, considering that customer needs and preferences can be best met through diversity. In a bid to establish a huge market for base in the Chinese market, Yum Brands Inc. in Beijing sought to take over the Little Sheep Group limited, which operates a popular chain in China. This move is among the many global business growth strategies, which have seen the company penetrating and establishing its groping in the largest Chinese market. The Chinese market of casual dining was seen to grow expansively, which befits the Yum Brands move to grow beyond the chicken and Pizza market being concentrated on by Pizza Hut outlets and KFC. The company’s stake holdings in the Little Sheep limited operations have enable massive growth on foodservice operators’ growth. Mergers and take over strategies being put in place by the company have propelled its market penetration in China to greater heights, although government regulatory measures have limited its international bid. The Little Sheep Company has contributed to Yum Brand Inc’s great leap forward in winning in China market due to its widespread operations of the cuisine where patrons are able to cook meat and vegetables themselves. China’s great market embraced such kind of an idea with enthusiasm, and thus enabling Yum Brand Inc. to take root into the market. The market has since grown tremendously, with the company adding up its popularity by introducing consumables such as seafood-topped pizza and fried

Burgess and Martin Dehydrating Reagents

Burgess and Martin Dehydrating Reagents An understanding of synthetically useful dehydrating reagents for the reduction of hydroxyl groups, various functional group interconversions and other synthetically useful operations. Oday Alrifai Dehydration of alcohols has been a synthetically useful strategy in order to attain olefins in high yields through the treatment of secondary, tertiary and homoallylic alcohols. Martin sulfurane and Burgess dehydrating reagents have been useful because of their mild and selective properties on alcohol containing species. [1] Both reagents have made a significant contribution in industrial and academic applications, aiding in the synthesis of natural products and drugs. The Burgess Reagent, known as Methyl-N-(triethylammoniumsulphonyl)carbamate (Figure 1), is an interesting reagent assisting formations of 5-membered heterocycles, initially derived from the acyclic precursor by dehydrative treatment. [1] It was first discovered by Edward Meredith Burgess in 1968, but was not given much attention until Peter Wipf proposed the idea of heterocyclic formation. Further research on this reagent, such as the preparation of isocyanides and nitrile oxides from formamides and nitroalkanes, respe ctively, have been investigated. [1] Figure 1. Structure of Methyl-N-(triethylammoniumsulphonyl)carbamate, also known as Burgess’s dehydrating reagent. [1] Similar to the Burgess reagent, Martin reagent (or Martin sulfurane) is another dehydrating reagent possessing high reactivity to allow the production of alkenes, with diphenyl sulfoxide and a alcohol as minor products, occurring fast (approximately one hour) and at below room temperatures. [2] It was James C. Martin who discovered this stable, moisture sensitive sulfurane, also known as bis(ÃŽ ±,ÃŽ ±-bis[trifluoromethyl]benzyloxy)diphenyl sulfur (Figure 2), in 1971. [2][3] Similar to the Burgess reagent, the mechanistic action may be similar, via E1 and/or E2 (or cis) elimination, in order for the treatment of secondary and primary alcohols, respectively. [3] Also similar, cyclic heteroatoms have been more favorable in synthesis, due to carbenium ion rearrangement, via alcoholic dehydration. [3] Figure 2. Structure of bis(ÃŽ ±,ÃŽ ±-bis[trifluoromethyl]benzyloxy)diphenyl sulfur, also known as Martin’s sulfurane or Martin’s dehydrating reagent. [10] Preparation of the Burgess reagent requires the incorporation of two commercially available chemicals, chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) and trieethylamine (TEA), and ceases in two steps. Figure 3 illustrates the treatment of CSI with anhydrous methanol and dry benzene at temperatures ranging from 25-30 °C, for approximately half-hour. This fairly quick reaction gives good yields (88-92%) of methyl (chlorosulfonyl) carbamate (MCC) which exists as white crystals when filtered and washed with hexanes. The generated MCC is then treated with a solution of TEA in anhydrous benzene, at temperatures ranging from 10-15 °C, over the course of one hour. The generated salt, Methyl-N-(triethylammoniumsulphonyl)carbamate, precipitates into colorless needles (84-86% yield). [1] Figure 3. Preparation of the inner salt (Burgess reagent) from two commercially available compounds, trieethylamine and chlorosulfonyl isocyanate. A special type of elimination reaction is believed to occur during the period the Burgess reagent is operational. The simultaneous elimination of two vicinal substituents, forming an alkene framework from an alkane, is the route of an intramolecular (Ei) mechanism or a syn elimination. The mechanistic action taken by the Burgess reagent, illustrated in Figure 4, will first produce a sulfamate ester by the attack of the sulfonyl group as well as the rapid displacement of the TEA group, by oxygen’s lone pair in methanol (pka=15.5). [1][4] By heating the sulfamate ester, pyrolysis is initiated, the ÃŽ ±-carbon is ionized and bears an ion that rapidly transfers the ÃŽ ²-hydrogen from the cationic to the anionic state. [1] Figure 4. Mechanism illustrating treatment of Burgess reagent with ethanol, allowing the extraction of the ÃŽ ²-hydrogen and formation of the olefin. In general, the extraction of the proton and the expulsion of the leaving group will generate the expected olefin, shown in Figure 5. The production of the olefin depends on the geometry of the molecule, therefore the hydrogen must be present in the syn conformation to the leaving group (TEA) in order for the reaction to proceed. In addition, the leaving group has nucleophilic properties that will allow the proton to be extracted readily in low polarity solvents. It also should bear multiple proton acceptor sites to permit favorable proton capture. [1] It is possible however that the cis elimination not be observed due to carbonium ion stability, which is stabilized by substituents, and/or a more stable configuration by means of rearrangement. [1] Figure 5. Example of a syn elimination, where the proton adjacent to the carbon bearing the reagent is removed and the deuterium remains a substituent with the olefin formation. Pertaining to Figure 5, the type of alcohol group (secondary, tertiary and homoallylic), the configuration and the environment are the main factors that affect the process of the reaction. The dehydration of a secondary or tertiary alcohol, in an aprotic solvent, follows Saytzef’s rule to form a more thermodynamically stable alkene, versus the kinetic product. Oppositely, primary alcohols (Figure 5i) will not yield the expected olefins; rather carbamates via an SN2 pathway as they are energetically more favorable. Steric hindrance is another important factor when treating with the Burgess Reagent.[1] Such an example holds true in primary sulfamate esters where intramolecular rearrangement occurs when temperatures increase due to the restrictions on bimolecular displacement (Figure 5ii). Depending on the conditions of the reaction, such as solvent polarity and temperature, allylic alcohols can either undergo elimination or SN1 rearrangement (Figure 5iii), with more favorable ap proaches of SN1 reactions providing greater than 90% yields. The same is applicable for tertiary alcohols where they can be subjected to rearrangement even though, under normal conditions, undergo dehydration. [1] Figure 6. Examples illustrating i) primary alcohols will not undergo olefin formation, rather producing a carbamate via SN2, ii) sterically hindered compounds can proceed with the formation of a thermodynamic product (Saytzef’s rule) and iii) allylic alcohol dehydration via elimination or SN1. [1] Functional group interconversions (FGI) can aid in many useful syntheses to design versatile compounds. With the assistance of Burgess’s reagent, high yields have been obtained through the transformation of formamides to isocyanides, nitrile oxides from nitroalkanes and nitriles from primary amides, for example. To stimulate the formation of nitriles from primary amides, the Burgess reagent is often employed instead of other reagents. [1] The problem arises when particular reagents come in contact with certain functional groups, requiring protecting groups or alternative multi-step syntheses to carry out the production. Burgess reagent is employed due to its chemoselective properties and its ability to form the intermediate in a fast(er) manner. As a result of this quick reaction, the product is kinetically more favored. [1] Figure 7 illustrates the interconversion of an amide to allow the Burgess reagent to proceed with dehydrative activities, thus yielding isocyanide with re arrangement. Figure 7. To allow dehydration of the alcohol, an amide undergoes interconversion to allow the Burgess reagent to proceed, forming isocyanide. Knowing the environment the alcohol group is in and how its configuration can be altered, the synthesis of natural products in industry, by usage of this reagent, has been of great synthetic value. For example, dihydrooxazoles are important heterocyclic-containing intermediates used in the synthesis of many biologically active natural products. Initially, these compounds have required an extensive multi-step synthesis for their preparation and previous attempts to cyclize have provided low product yields (25%) and an abundance of recovered starting material. [5] Wipf and Miller investigated more efficient protocols that would obtain better yields of the ÃŽ ²-sulfonate derivatives (Figure 8) of threonine and serine via a more selective intramolecular substitution. Treating the hydroxyl amino acid precursors, threonine and serine, with the reagent allowed the production of dihydrooxazoles because of their high reactivity to stimulate intramolecular cyclization. [5] Unlike other reagent s removing hydroxyl substituents, Burgess reagent allows stereospecific production of dihydrooxazoles without the formation of minor products like azirdine or ÃŽ ²-lactam. [5] Figure 8. Formation of the olefin, via dehydration, and proceeding with intramolecular cyclization to form the 5-membered ring. A paper by Rigby et al. investigated phenanthridone alkaloids originating from the narciclasine family and their anti-tumor properties. The synthesis of (+)-lycoricidine involved the use of the Burgess reagent in order to selectively deprotect the hydroxyl group and to promote cis elimination. [1][6] When dehydrated into an olefin, the compound can exhibit antimitotic activity, which in turn can elicit cytotoxic activities involved in the inhibition of plant growth and regulation, for example. [7] Chida et al. reported that synthetic (+)-lycoricidine exhibited strong cytotoxic activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia, suggesting stereochemistry was a responsible and an important component for the elevated cytotoxicity. [7] Other synthetically useful examples of products that are of value are medicinal drugs such as Efrotomycin, which is a new class of antibiotics eliciting anti-bacterial properties that act on gram-positive bacteria, [8] and Pravastatin, which is involved in the management of atherosclerosis and is a regulator of blood lipid levels. [9] Burgess reagent is either involved in the final step in order to form the olefin or participates in a one or two-step synthesis for the production of the precursor. Other uses of the Burgess reagent have been investigated by Canadian researchers at Brock University by designing thermally stable versions of the Burgess reagent with an objective to improve reactivity on epoxides, diols and vinyl oxiranes in comparison to the original reagent. [17] They tested the reactivity of the Burgess reagent with oxiranes, both in cyclic and acyclic conformations, providing low yields of sulfamidates. Also, epoxidation reactions, which required two equivalents of the Burgess reagent, provided cis-sulfamidates at low yields. [17] Since yields were not above their expected 40%, new derivatives created by Metcalf et al. allowed for anion or cation stability in the zwitterion. They tested thermal stability by monitoring the decomposition, in THF-d8 at 50 °C, of four new versions of the Burgess reagent showing stability and reactivity of the original reagent can be improved by inductive components of the zwitterion. [17] The inductive effects depress the nucleop hilicity of the carbamate anion, reducing formation of the sulfamidates and favouring diamine formation. This allows for the Burgess reagent to be synthetically useful in work other than dehydrative operations. [17] Figure 9 illustrates the conversion of a styrene diol to the diamine compound by treating with the modified Burgess reagent 1. Figure 9. Treatment of the modified Burgess reagent 1 with styrene diol, yielding a diamine compound to demonstrate other uses for this reagent. Martin sulfurane not only participates in dehydrative reactions but also in several other synthetically useful reactions, such as the production of sulfinimines, epoxidation reactions, cleavage of amides and oxidation. [12] Preparation of the diphenylsulfur compound incorporates commercially available 2-phenyl-2-propanol, using potassium hydroxide as the deprotonating agent, bromine and diphenylsulfide. [12] Stereospecificity of a molecule, as a reactant or product, is important in order to carry out biological functions. Under certain conditions, such as varying solvent polarities and reaction temperatures, Martin sulfurane induces stereospecific dehydration that allows for the formation of certain isomers. (E)-isomerism in certain products exists because of trans-E2 eliminations, whereas the (Z)-isomer is more favored due to the attachment of the sulfurane in the antiperiplanar conformation for the E2 elimination. [2] The mechanistic action first involves the exchange of the alkoxy ligand on either side the sulfurane, producing an alkoxysulfonium ion as a result of ionization and then proceeding through E1 or E2 elimination. [12] Illustrated in Figure 10, using tertiary-butyl alcohol as an example, Arhart and Martin suggest that all alcohols used in their experimental appeared to exchange rapidly with the alkoxy ligands of the Martin reagent. The cause of this is not definite but it wa s proposed that a dissociative mechanism was carried out. [10][11] Figure 10. The proposed mechanism illustrating the production of the expected olefin by means of dehydration when Martin sulfurane is used. Similar to the Burgess reagent, dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols yield the expected olefin but treatment of primary alcohols, such as ethanol and neopentyl alcohols with Martin reagent, favors the formation of unsymmetrical ethers due to the absence of structural features that aid in the elevation of ÃŽ ²-proton acidity. [10][11] Wensley et al. reported that treatment of a secondary alcohol with Martin sulfurane can lead to the production of a ketone by oxidation, in addition to the predicted olefin containing compound during the synthesis of their natural product containing a spiroketal enol ether. They proposed that the intermediate, containing the alkoxysulfonium ion, had proceeded forward via two possible routes, one of which was the deprotontation of the ÃŽ ²-proton allowing the olefin (or enol ether) formation and/or the other resulting in oxidation through intermolecular deprotonation by the excess –ORf (Rf = C6H5C(CF3)2 . [13] A paper written by Moslin and Jamison investigated the synthesis of (+)-acutiphycin, a natural metabolite found in blue-green algae, exhibiting effective antineoplastic activity against Lewis lung carcinoma and a potent cytotoxic agent against KB and N1H/3T3 cell lines. [14] The synthesis of (+)-acutiphycin underwent intermolecular condensation, through application of the Reformatsky reaction, affording a ÃŽ ²-hydroxy ketone followed by dehydration with the Martin sulfurane. [14] Prior to treatment with Martin sulfurane, samarium (II) iodide (SmI2 or Kagan’s reagent) was used to carry out the intramolecular Reformatsky reaction. [14] SmI2 has its limitations when intermolecular rearrangements occur because of side reaction formation and and oxidative dimerization of the enolate by the samarium therefore when coupled with Martin sulfurane, a 2-step sequence was carried forward to overcome sterically hindered structures (Figure 11). [12][14] Figure 11. Neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimers are caused by the degradation of the nerve growth factor (NGF) in the neurotrophin family of proteins. Therapeutic potential of NGFs have been extensively studied for the prevention, slow progression and even the reversal of these disorders. [15][16] Trzoss et al. have investigated other therapeutic strategies by synthetically mimicking neurotrophins in order to allow their biosynthesis. [16] The enantioselective synthesis of (-)-jiadifenin was carried forward with the assistance of Martin sulfurane. Trzoss et al. were unsuccessful when trying to eliminate the secondary alcohol via Barton-McCombie deoxygenation as well as mesylation and treatment with a variety of bases in order to obtain the desired alkene. When treated with Martin sulfurane, the olefin was obtained and was selectively hydrogenated, obtaining a 72% yield in two steps. [16] Geng and Danishefsky recently synthesized the macrolide aigiolamycin D, via Diels-Alder, using disiloxydiene and a 14-membered dienophile also known as the ynolide (or dienophile).[18] Having two or more of the same functional groups within a system can be difficult when trying to selectively treat one of the targets. Protecting groups are important in unsymmetrical synthesis, in comparison with symmetrical molecules which are chemically equivalent and protecting either side (with functional groups) is simple. Greg and Danishefsky proceeded to protect the diol group to allow the loner –OH unit to participate in the upcoming sequences. The loner –OH was protected via a silyl ether to allow the deprotection of the pivaloyl ester and formation of the –OH group. This –OH group can then be treated with Martin sulfurane, in methylene chloride solution, to form the resulting olefin and then deprotection (or conversion) of the dioxylane to the diol. [18] REFERENCES Khapli, S.; Dey, S.; Mal, D. J. Indian Inst. Sci. 2001, 81, 461-476. Li, J.J; Corey, E.J. Name Reactions of Functional Group Transformations. 2007 (Wiley) Meth-Cohn, R.K. Synthesis: Carbon with No Attached Heteroatoms. 2003 (Elsevier) Ballinger, P.; Long, F.A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 795-798. Wipf, P.; Miller, C.P. Tetrahedron Letters. 1992, 33, 907-910. Rigby, J.H.; Maharoof, U.S.M.; Mateo, M.E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 6224-6228. Chida, N.; Ohtsuka, M.; Ogawa, S. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 4441-4447. Dolle, R.E.; Nicolaou, K.C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 1691-1694. Daniewski, A.; Wovkulich, P.M.; UskokoviĆ¡. J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 7133-7139. Arhart, R.J.; Martin, J.C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 5003-5010 Li, J.J. Name Reactions. 2014 (Springer) Pooppanal, S.S. Synlett. 2009, 5, 850-851. Wensley, A. M.; Hardy, A.O.; Gonsalves, K.M.; Koviach, J.L. Tetrahedron Letters. 2007, 48, 2431-2434. Moslin, R.M.; Jamison, T.F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 15106-15107. Price, R.D.; Milne, S.A.; Sharkey, J.; Matsuoka. Pharmacology Therapeutics. 2007, 115, 292-306. Trzoss, L.; Xu, J.; Lacoske, M.H.; Mobley, W.C.; Theodorakis, E.A. Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 4554-4557. Metcalf, T.A.; Simionescu, R; Hudlicky, T. J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 3447-3450. Geng, X.; Danishefsky, S.J. Org. Letters. 2004, 6, 413-416.

Let’s Stop Our Trivial Thinking :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Let’s Stop Our Trivial Thinking What are the important things in life? Have you ever asked yourself that question? Are we setting a good example for future generations? If you think that we are, then think again. Many Americans today seem to be obsessed with the little things. Trivial thinkers are always trying to cover up issues or find short-term solutions. It is almost as if Americans can't stop and think about the future. We like reading and hearing about things that don't really make a difference. Walking into a grocery store, you can find lots of magazines filled with stories on celebrities, but how many do you find about world events? Can celebrities somehow help this world become a better place? Why do we need to know so much about their lives? Turning on your television, you can find talk shows filled with stories about other people's problems. Will knowing another person's problems help us become better people? Television now has special "news" shows devoted to Hollywood that never even talk about real world issues. How can we call these shows news programs? Trivial thinkers today want to know more about trashy issues than they do about important ones. When Mother Teresa died, how many newspapers and magazines talked about the wonderful things that she had done in her life? Not many. When Princess Diana died, how many newspapers and magazines were filled with stories on her life and her problems? Too many. I don't believe that it bettered people's lives knowing every detail of Princess Diana's life. I'm not a better person now that I know that she had marriage trouble and that she was bulimic. Trivial thinkers today relish knowing every detail of a celebrity's life. Trivial thinking carries over into they way many Americans solve their problems today. Too many Americans today try hard to make issues go away quickly. We find these small solutions that don't really work but look nice. Children going to school today are faced with these issues. School administrators are worried about gangs, but instead of getting to the real problem they tell children to take off their hats and that they can't wear baggy clothes.